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The subject of rape during the liberation of Poland was practically absent from the Polish historiography until the dissolution of the Soviet Union, although the documents of the era show that the problem was serious both during and after the advance of Soviet forces across Poland against Nazi Germany in later stages of World War II.〔 The lack of research for nearly half a century regarding the scope of sexual violence by Soviet males, wrote Katherine Jolluck,〔 had been magnified by the traditional taboos among their victims, who were incapable of finding "a voice that would have enabled them to talk openly" about their wartime experiences "while preserving their dignity."〔Katherine R. Jolluck, ("The Nation's Pain and Women's Shame." ) (In) Dr. (Katherine R. Jolluck ) of Stanford University is the author of ''Exile and Identity: Polish Women in the Soviet Union during WWII'' (2002), and ''Gulag Voices: Oral Histories of Soviet Incarceration and Exile'' (2011), see ( inauthor:"Katherine R. Jolluck" ) in Google Books.〕 Joanna Ostrowska and Marcin Zaremba of the Polish Academy of Sciences wrote that rapes of the Polish women reached a mass scale following the Winter Offensive of 1945.〔 (Dr. Marcin Zaremba ) of Polish Academy of Sciences, the co-author of the article cited above – is a historian from Warsaw University Department of History Institute of 20th Century History (( cited 196 times in Google scholar )). Zaremba published a number of scholarly monographs, among them: ''Komunizm, legitymizacja, nacjonalizm'' (426 pages),() ''Marzec 1968'' (274 pages), ''Dzień po dniu w raportach SB'' (274 pages), ''Immobilienwirtschaft'' (German, 359 pages), see ( inauthor:"Marcin Zaremba" in Google Books. ) (Joanna Ostrowska ) of Warsaw, Poland, is a lecturer at Departments of Gender Studies at two universities: the Jagiellonian University of Kraków, the University of Warsaw as well as, at the Polish Academy of Sciences. She is the author of scholarly works on the subject of mass rape and forced prostitution in Poland in the Second World War (i.e. "Prostytucja jako praca przymusowa w czasie II Wojny Światowej. Próba odtabuizowania zjawiska," "Wielkie przemilczanie. Prostytucja w obozach koncentracyjnych," etc.), a recipient of Socrates-Erasmus research grant from Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, and a historian associated with Krytyka Polityczna.〕 Among the factors contributing to the escalation of sexual violence against women, during the so-called liberation of Poland, was a sense of impunity on the part of individual Soviet units left to fend for themselves by their military leaders. In search of food supplies and provisions – wrote Dr Janusz Wróbel of IPN – the marauding soldiers formed gangs ready to open fire (as in Jędrzejów). Livestock was being herded away. Fields cleared of grain without recompense. Polish homes looted. In a letter to his Voivode, a Łódź county starosta warned that plunder of goods from stores and farms, was often accompanied by the rape of farmhands as in Zalesie, Olechów, Feliksin and Huta Szklana, not to mention other crimes, including murder-rape in Łagiewniki. The heavily armed marauders robbed cars, horse-drawn carriages, even trains. In his next letter to Polish authorities, the same starosta wrote that rape and plunder is causing the population to fear and hate the Soviet regime.〔Janusz Wróbel, * ( "Wyzwoliciele czy okupanci? Żołnierze sowieccy w Łódzkiem 1945–1946." ) (PDF, 1.48 MB) Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej 2002, nr 7. ''Quote in Polish:'' "Poza jednostkowymi aktami gwałtów, zdarzały się ekscesy na skalę masową." Dr Janusz Wróbel is a research scientist with the Institute of National Remembrance, author of scholarly monographs about Soviet deportations and postwar repatriation of Poles, including ( ''Uchodźcy polscy ze Związku Sowieckiego 1942–1950'', Łódź, 2003, ) ( ''Na rozdrożu historii. Repatriacja obywateli polskich z Zachodu w latach 1945–1949'', Łódź 2009, 716 pages ), and many seminars.()〕 ==Red Army Winter Offensive of 1945== Cases of mass rape occurred in major Polish cities taken by the Red Army. In Kraków, Soviet entry into the city was accompanied by the wave of rapes of women and girls, and the widespread theft of personal property. According to Prof. Chwalba of Jagiellonian University, this behavior reached such a scale that the Polish communists installed in the city by the Soviet Union, composed a letter of protest to Joseph Stalin himself. At the Kraków Main station, Poles who tried to rescue the victims of gang rape were shot at. Meanwhile, church masses were held in expectation of the Soviet withdrawal. Polish women in Silesia were the target of mass rape along with their German counterparts even after the Soviet front moved much further west.〔 In the first six months of 1945, in Dębska Kuźnia 268 rapes were reported. In March 1945 near Racibórz, 30 women captured at a linen factory were locked in a house in Makowo and raped over a period of time under the threat of death. The woman who gave her testimony to the police, was raped by four men. German and Polish women were apprehended on the streets of Katowice, Zabrze and Chorzów and gang raped by drunken soldiers, usually outdoors.〔 According to Naimark, the Red Army servicemen did not differentiate along the ethnic lines, or between victims and occupiers.〔Norman M. Naimark. ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949.'' Harvard University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-674-78405-7 pp. 106-7.〕 Polish and German women in Warmia and Masuria endured the same ordeal, wrote Ostrowska & Zaremba.〔 One letter from the Recovered Territories claimed that in the city of Olsztyn in March 1945, practically no woman survived without being violated by the Soviet rapists "irrespective of their age". Their ages were estimated to range from 9 to 80. Sometimes, a grandmother, a mother and a granddaughter were among the victims. Women were gang raped by as many as several dozen soldiers. In a letter from Gdańsk dated 17 April 1945, a Polish woman who acquired work around the Soviet garrison reported: "because we spoke Polish, we were in demand. However, most victims there were raped up to 15 times. I was raped 7 times. It was horrible." A letter from Gdynia, written a week later, said that the only resort for the women was to hide in the basements all day.〔( Ostrowska, Zaremba: "Kobieca gehenna". ''Krytyka Polityczna'', 4 March 2009. ) Source: Polityka nr 10/2009 (2695).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rape during the liberation of Poland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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